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Wednesday, July 31, 2013
Incas Intoxicated Sacrificial Children in Preparation for Death
DEATH AND THE MAIDEN: 13-year-old Inca girl received coca and alcohol before being sacrificed 500 years ago, judging from chemical analyses of the mummy's elaborately braided hair. Meanwhile medical imaging revealed a wad of coca (green) in her mouth. Image: Photography by Johan Reinhard. Reprinted with permission.
She was killed at the age of 13 and placed in a mountaintop shrine in the Argentine high Andes?a sacrifice to the gods. There she lay for some 500 years until 1999, when archaeologists recovered her frozen body along with those of two other separately entombed children, a boy and a girl both between four and five years old. Researchers have long recognized that the three youngsters?the so-called Llullaillaco Maiden, Llullaillaco Boy and Lightning Girl?were victims of the Inca ritual of child sacrifice, or capacocha. A new study of their naturally mummified remains further illuminates the events leading up to their interment.
Chemical analyses of the hair of the children show that all three received coca leaves (from which cocaine is derived) and alcohol before they died. Twelve months before the 13-year-old maiden was killed, her consumption of coca surged. Meanwhile, her intake of alcohol?probably in the form of chicha, which is typically made from maize?peaked in her last weeks. And computed tomographic (CT) scanning revealed a large wad of coca leaves in her mouth that she had been chewing in her final moments. Andrew S. Wilson of the University of Bradford in the U.K. and his colleagues describe the findings in a report to be published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.
The exact nature of the event or events that led to the sacrifice of these children is unknown. It could have been an annual Incan occasion, or it might have been an unscheduled incident, such as the death of a ruler or a natural disaster. Whatever the case, the maiden received significantly more of these substances than the younger children did, possibly suggesting ?a greater need to sedate her,? the researchers report. They observe that the posture of the girl?s body and the undisturbed arrangement of her garments and surrounding ceremonial artifacts indicate that ?she was heavily sedated or dead when she was placed in the shrine.
?Coca and alcohol were substances that induced altered states interpreted as sacred, and which could suggest to victims and those associated with them the proximity of the divine beings whose continued benevolence was underwritten by these rites,? Wilson and his co-authors write. ?From a cross-cultural perspective, the psychologically deadening, disorienting, and mood-modifying effects of these psychoactive compounds on young victims, for whom any kind of informed consent to their own deaths cannot be unproblematically presumed, should not be downplayed.?
As for the parents compelled to sacrifice their children, they would have done so with a smile if they knew what was good for them. The authors note that according to the 1653 writings of Spanish Jesuit missionary Bernab? Cobo, ??it was a major offense to show any sadness,? and that ?they were obliged to do it with gestures of happiness and satisfaction, as if they were taking their children to bestow upon them a very important reward.??
Source: http://rss.sciam.com/~r/sciam/basic-science/~3/BQaGGtlWBDY/post.cfm
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Millie Mackintosh shares wedding workout secret, Professor Green spies on fiance
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Tuesday, July 30, 2013
Run For Your Lives: Self-aware Hexapod Is Self-aware
Many of you have expressed some, um, concerns about a few of the bots we've covered in recent weeks. ATLAS, for instance, is quite frightening, but it's not yet self-aware. This tiny hexapod, however, is and it's rather unsettling.
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Japan has rejected Russia?s proposal to engage in joint projects in the disputed...
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Enbridge to build $1.3 billion oil sands pipeline extension
Canadian pipeline company Enbridge announced plans to build a US $1.3 billion southern extension to its Northern Alberta Woodland oil pipeline to connect the company?s Cheecham Terminal to its Edmonton Terminal and nearby refineries.
The extension will serve Imperial Oil's Kearl oil sands project located in the Athabasca Oil Sands region about 70 kilometers north of Fort McMurray and is planned to be in service by the third quarter of 2015. Enbridge said in a statement that the 385-kilometre, 36-inch pipeline extension will boast an initial capacity of 400,000 barrels per day, which could be expanded to 800,000 bpd depending on crude viscosity. "Extension of the Woodland Pipeline will bring additional crude oil transportation capacity into the Edmonton area, enabling us to accommodate forecasted regional oil sands production growth from the Kearl project and other oil sands projects targeted for delivery into the Edmonton hub,? Stephen J. Wuori, President of Liquids Pipelines and Major Projects, said in a Thursday statement. According to Reuters, the majority of the proposed route follows an existing Enbridge right-of-way near the 600,000 bpd Waupisoo line and will include new pump stations at Roundhill Station and Cheecham Terminal. "The Woodland Pipeline Extension Project is an example of how Enbridge is able to utilize existing infrastructure and rights-of-way wherever possible to minimize our footprint and our impact to communities, stakeholders and the environment," added Mr. Wuori. "We place the highest priority on the safety and operational reliability of our energy infrastructure at all stages of design, construction and operations." Imperial Oil runs the Kearl Oil Sands Project, an open-pit mining operation that produced approximately 40,000 bpd when it opened in June and is expected to expand capacity to 110,000 bpd by autumn 2013. Oil sands, also known as bitumen, are an extremely heavy form of crude oil that, due to its odor and appearance, is commonly associated with tar and has only recently been considered a viable alternative to conventional crude oil. The Athabasca oil sands in Alberta are the largest known deposits of bitumen in the world. Once the pipeline extension is completed, it will connect the northern oil sands to three Edmonton area refineries, including Imperial Oil's 187,000 bpd Strathcona facility. According to an Enbridge statement, ?With the Woodland Pipeline Extension Project, Enbridge is constructing infrastructure projects valued at more than $4.3 billion to service the increasing requirements of the Alberta oil sands producers. These projects are forecasted to come into service between 2013 and 2015.? The Edmonton refineries are the likely starting point of both the Keystone XL Pipeline and the Northern Gateway Project, both of which aim to connect Alberta?s oil sands to coastal refineries. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper has been an out-spoken proponent of the pipeline projects that have run into fierce opposition from both US and Canadian environmental groups. In June, British Columbia rejected Enbridge?s plan for the Northern Gateway Project which would have connected Edmonton area refineries to the Pacific coast via pipeline. British Columbia?s liberal government claimed that Enbridge was ill-prepared to respond in the case of a major oil spill. Similar opposition has been endemic in the United States, where environmental groups claim that oil sands are more harmful to the environment than traditional petroleum. Enbridge completed the first phase of the Woodland Pipeline Extension Project in last autumn when it connected the Kearl Oil Sands south to the Cheecham terminal. Enbridge received regulatory approval for the remainder of the project from the Alberta Energy Regulator in August 2012.Source: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/355393
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